Research methods which are concerned more with the precision and generalisabilily of the data being collected than their richness of content i.e. having a narrower but sharper focus than QUALITATIVE METHODS. The EXPERIMENT and the structured questionnaire are the most common examples in psychological research.

The symbol for the most common CORRELATION COEFFICIENT.

An anthropological term denoting a biological sub-division of human beings with a common genetic ancestry. This common ancestry produces common physical characteristics such as skin colour, facial structure and size. There is no such thing as a pure race; every physical characteristic can be found, however infrequently, in every large human subgroup. It is suggested from time to time that a particular minority subgroup is inferior in INTELLIGENCE to the majority subgroup. At the beginning of this century it was Jews; more recently it has been Blacks. There has never been any clear evidence for this viewpoint and a lot of evidence against it. Even if we accepted for the sake of argument that there was a pure race and that INTELLIGENCE TESTS measured intelligence, those tests remain educationally, culturally and socially biased against ethnic minority groups.

See PILOT STUDY.

See DYNAMIC PSYCHOLOGY.

See DREAM RESEARCH.

The application of modern psychological thinking to the study of historical events and people. The field has been captured (in both the popular and the academic MIND) by the attempted PSYCHOANALYSIS of leading historical figures. This psychobiography began with FREUD’S own study of Leonardo da Vinci and has had a controversial career ever since. However, many other lines of psychohistorical enquiry have also been opened up including the history of psychological concepts like MIND, insanity, the UNCONSCIOUS, the history of CHILDHOOD, the SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY of demographic movements and the attempt to unravel cause and effect in the change of ATTITUDES over time.

See ROSENTHAL EFFECT.

Link to see collective consciousness needs to be fixed. feelings, patterns of thought, and fragments of experience that have been transmitted from generation to generation in all humans and have deeply influenced the mind and behavior.

 Also see COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS.

Procedures for uncovering a person’s unconscious motivations. Anxieties and conflicts. Like the Rorschach or the TAT they consist of relatively unstructured stimuli which are designed to encourage the projection of material which would be inadmissible to CONSCIOUSNESS in a direct undisguised form.