See MONOZYGOTIC TWINS.

See INNATE RELEASING MECHANISM.

From the Latin word for ‘it’: according to FREUD, the id houses the deepest UNCONSCIOUS drives which are most in touch with the biological nature of the body and is one of the three main aspects of the PERSONALITY. The id is dominated by the pleasure principle and causes problems for the EGO when its drives are blocked.

In SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, the term used for the unquestioned assumption that the world is a just place where the deserving are rewarded and the undeserving punished. It therefore follows that if people are punished they must have done something to deserve it, and this is how the HYPOTHESIS accounts for people who blame victims for their own misfortunes.

See also DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE.

An old idea, re-introduced by GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY, that there is a one-to-one correspondence between a perceived stimulus and its representation in the BRAIN. The concept has now largely been abandoned.

Damage to bodily tissue from accident, disease or surgery. In the study of BEHAVIOUR, the term usually refers to BRAIN DAMAGE.

A questionnaire designed to elicit a subject’s areas of vocational interest, developed by the American psychologist George Kuder.

The VARIABLE in a study whose changes are the basis for predictions because they are not dependent upon changes in any other variable in the study. The most familiar example of an independent variable is an EXPERIMENTAL VARIABLE.

Refers to the sense that deals with movement of the body and the limbs.

See PROPRIOCEPTORS.

In PSYCHOANALYSIS, the hidden REPRESSED meaning of a DREAM.

Compare with MANIFEST CONTENT.