an Personality Assessment and the Big 5
Personality assessment has a long history in psychology. Hundreds, maybe thousands of personality traits or constructs have been suggested over the years. But in the last 20 years the field has essentially reached a consensus – there is a much smaller number of independent dimensions underlying the myriad of constructs suggested (Digman, 1990; Goldberg, 1993; John, 1990).
The Lexical Hypothesis: Foundation of the Five Factor Model
The fundamental idea of the Five Factor Model is based on the “lexical hypothesis,” which is that language has evolved to characterise the most salient distinctions between people. Therefore, when researchers ask people to describe themselves (or others) using adjectives from the language (for example, with a Likert scale or an adjective checklist), the factor analysis of their responses reveals the basic personality dimensions. This is the methodology that has led to the development of the Five Factor Model or “Big 5” in personality psychology.
The five factors are Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism, Conscientiousness, and Openness. The finding of these five factors has been shown to generalise across ages, to include children and adolescents as well as adults (Digman, 1997). These findings have also been replicated across at least 14 different languages (Saucier & Goldberg, 2006). Replications are not based on translations of English into other languages; rather they involve sampling adjectives from the native language dictionary, having people rate themselves (or others) on those adjectives, and conducting factor analyses of the data. Such studies have shown that a five-factor model typically produces a good representation of the data.
Researchers in psychology almost universally accept the Five Factor Model, and scholars in economics have also begun extending it into their field (Borghans et al., 2006).
Facets of the Big 5
There is another level of specification in the five-factor model – the level of facets, which are subcategories of the five factors. A facet is a lower order factor or item cluster in the Five Factor Model hierarchy, reflecting the fact that a set of items or indicators can have some commonality (shared variance) that is independent of the higher order factor, and that there can be several correlated facets for a given factor (in principle there could additionally be sub-facets, and sub-sub-facets, but this idea has not been systematically pursued). Facets are considerably less stable than factors and there have been many different proposals for facets of the Big 5. The table below presents the facets from one of the most popular assessments of the Five Factor Model.
Table 1. Big 5 Factors, Facets, and Example Items
Conscientiousness
Competence – self-efficacy, completes tasks successfully /misjudges situations
Order – likes order / leaves a mess
Dutifulness – follows the rules / breaks the rules
Achievement-Striving – works hard / does just enough to get by
Self-discipline – gets chores done right away / wastes time
Deliberation – cautiousness, avoids mistakes / rushes into things
Neuroticism (Emotional Stability)
Anxiety – worries about things / relaxed most of the time
Hostility – gets angry easily / rarely gets irritated
Depression – often feels blue / feels comfortable with self
Self-Consciousness – easily intimidated / not easily embarrassed
Impulsiveness – immoderation / easily resists temptations
Vulnerability – panics easily / remains calm under pressure
Extraversion
Warmth – friendliness, makes friends easily / hard to get to know
Gregariousness – loves large gatherings / prefers to be alone
Assertiveness – takes charge / waits for others to lead the way
Activity – always busy / likes to take it easy
Excitement-Seeking – loves excitement / dislikes loud music
Positive Emotions – cheerfulness, radiates joy / seldom amused
Agreeableness
Trust
Trusts others / distrusts people
Compliance
Morality would never cheat/use flattery to get ahead
Altruism
Make people feel welcome / look down on others
Straightforwardness
Cooperative, easily satisfied/has a sharp tongue
Modesty
Dislikes being the centre of attention / thinks highly of self
Tendermindedness
Sympathise with others / believe in eye for an eye
Openness
Fantasy
Has a vivid imagination / seldom daydreams
Aesthetics
Artistic interests, believes in the importance of art / does not like poetry
Feelings
Experiences emotions intensely / seldom gets emotional
Actions
Adventurousness, prefers variety to routine/dislikes changes
Ideas
Likes complex problems / avoids philosophical discussions
Values liberalism
Tend to vote liberally / believes in one true religion
